Figure 1: Example of a good System/Flow diagram Figure 2: Example of a poor System/Flow Diagram. The diagram on the Right focuses too much on system components, includes unnecessary information, and does little to explain how data moves through the system, which protocols are in use, or the boundaries of the system to be assessed.

Class diagram pros/cons. Class diagrams are great for: – discovering related data and attributes – getting a quick picture of the important entities in a system – seeing whether you have too few/many classes – seeing whether the relationships between objects are too complex, too many in number, simple enough, etc. 14+ Class Diagram In Oop. Each object was built from the same set of blueprints. Oop is the most popular programming paradigm and is taught as the standard way to code for most of a programmers educational career. Oop - Class diagram for ad system - Stack Overflow from i.stack.imgur.com. 'The client–server model of computing is a distributed application structure that partitions tasks or workloads between the providers of a resource or service, called servers, and service requesters, called clients. Often clients and servers communicate over a computer network on separate hardware, but both client and server may reside in the same system. A server host runs one or more.

In software engineering, a class diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type of static structure diagram that describes the structure of a system by showing the system's classes, their attributes, operations (or methods), and the relationships among objects.

The class diagram is the main building block of object-oriented modeling. It is used for general conceptual modeling of the structure of the application, and for detailed modeling, translating the models into programming code. Class diagrams can also be used for data modeling.^[1] The classes in a class diagram represent both the main elements, interactions in the application, and the classes to be programmed.

In the diagram, classes are represented with boxes that contain three compartments:

• The top compartment contains the name of the class. It is printed in bold and centered, and the first letter is capitalized.
• The middle compartment contains the attributes of the class. They are left-aligned and the first letter is lowercase.
• The bottom compartment contains the operations the class can execute. They are also left-aligned and the first letter is lowercase.

In the design of a system, a number of classes are identified and grouped together in a class diagram that helps to determine the static relations between them. In detailed modeling, the classes of the conceptual design are often split into subclasses.

In order to further describe the behavior of systems, these class diagrams can be complemented by a state diagram or UML state machine.^[2]

Members[edit]

UML provides mechanisms to represent class members, such as attributes and methods, and additional information about them like constructors.

Visibility[edit]

To specify the visibility of a class member (i.e. any attribute or method), these notations must be placed before the member's name:^[3]

A derived property is a property whose value (or values) is produced or computed from other information, for example, by using values of other properties.

A derived property is shown with its name preceded by a forward slash '/'. ^[4]

Scope[edit]

The UML specifies two types of scope for members: instance and classifier, and the latter is represented by underlined names.^[5]

• Classifier members are commonly recognized as “static” in many programming languages. The scope is the class itself.
  • Attribute values are equal for all instances
  • Method invocation does not affect the classifier’s state
• Instance members are scoped to a specific instance.
  • Attribute values may vary between instances
  • Method invocation may affect the instance’s state (i.e. change instance’s attributes)

To indicate a classifier scope for a member, its name must be underlined. Otherwise, instance scope is assumed by default.

Relationships[edit]

A relationship is a general term covering the specific types of logical connections found on class and object diagrams. UML defines the following relationships:

Instance-level relationships[edit]

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Dependency[edit]

A dependency is a semantic connection between dependent and independent model elements.^[6] It exists between two elements if changes to the definition of one element (the server or target) may cause changes to the other (the client or source). This association is uni-directional. A dependency is displayed as a dashed line with an open arrow that points from the client to the supplier.

Association[edit]

An association represents a family of links. A binary association (with two ends) is normally represented as a line. An association can link any number of classes. An association with three links is called a ternary association. An association can be named, and the ends of an association can be adorned with role names, ownership indicators, multiplicity, visibility, and other properties.
There are four different types of association: bi-directional, uni-directional, aggregation (includes composition aggregation) and reflexive. Bi-directional and uni-directional associations are the most common ones.
For instance, a flight class is associated with a plane class bi-directionally. Association represents the static relationship shared among the objects of two classes.

Aggregation[edit]

Aggregation is a variant of the 'has a' association relationship; aggregation is more specific than association. It is an association that represents a part-whole or part-of relationship. As shown in the image, a Professor 'has a' class to teach. As a type of association, an aggregation can be named and have the same adornments that an association can. However, an aggregation may not involve more than two classes; it must be a binary association. Furthermore, there is hardly a difference between aggregations and associations during implementation, and the diagram may skip aggregation relations altogether.^[7]

Aggregation can occur when a class is a collection or container of other classes, but the contained classes do not have a strong lifecycle dependency on the container. The contents of the container still exist when the container is destroyed.

In UML, it is graphically represented as a hollowdiamond shape on the containing class with a single line that connects it to the contained class. The aggregate is semantically an extended object that is treated as a unit in many operations, although physically it is made of several lesser objects.

Example: Library and Students. Here the student can exist without library, the relation between student and library is aggregation.

Composition[edit]

The UML representation of a composition relationship shows composition as a filled diamond shape on the containing class end of the lines that connect contained class(es) to the containing class.

Differences between Composition and Aggregation[edit]

Composition relationship

1. When attempting to represent real-world whole-part relationships, e.g. an engine is a part of a car.

2. When the container is destroyed, the contents are also destroyed, e.g. a university and its departments.

Aggregation relationship

1. When representing a software or database relationship, e.g. car model engine ENG01 is part of a car model CM01, as the engine, ENG01, may be also part of a different car model.^[8]

2. When the container is destroyed, the contents are usually not destroyed, e.g. a professor has students; when the professor dies the students do not die along with them.

Thus the aggregation relationship is often 'catalog' containment to distinguish it from composition's 'physical' containment.

Class-level relationships[edit]

Generalization/Inheritance[edit]

It indicates that one of the two related classes (the subclass) is considered to be a specialized form of the other (the super type) and the superclass is considered a Generalization of the subclass. In practice, this means that any instance of the subtype is also an instance of the superclass. An exemplary tree of generalizations of this form is found in biological classification: humans are a subclass of simian, which is a subclass of mammal, and so on. The relationship is most easily understood by the phrase 'an A is a B' (a human is a mammal, a mammal is an animal).

The UML graphical representation of a Generalization is a hollow triangle shape on the superclass end of the line (or tree of lines) that connects it to one or more subtypes.

The generalization relationship is also known as the inheritance or 'is a' relationship.

The superclass (base class) in the generalization relationship is also known as the 'parent', superclass, base class, or base type.

The subtype in the specialization relationship is also known as the 'child', subclass, derived class, derived type, inheriting class, or inheriting type.

Note that this relationship bears no resemblance to the biological parent–child relationship: the use of these terms is extremely common, but can be misleading.

A is a type of B

For example, 'an oak is a type of tree', 'an automobile is a type of vehicle'

Generalization can only be shown on class diagrams and on use case diagrams.

Realization/Implementation[edit]

In UML modelling, a realization relationship is a relationship between two model elements, in which one model element (the client) realizes (implements or executes) the behavior that the other model element (the supplier) specifies.

The UML graphical representation of a Realization is a hollow triangle shape on the interface end of the dashed line (or tree of lines) that connects it to one or more implementers. A plain arrow head is used on the interface end of the dashed line that connects it to its users. In component diagrams, the ball-and-socket graphic convention is used (implementors expose a ball or lollipop, whereas users show a socket).Realizations can only be shown on class or component diagrams.A realization is a relationship between classes, interfaces, components and packages that connects a client element with a supplier element. A realization relationship between classes/components and interfaces shows that the class/component realizes the operations offered by the interface.

General relationship[edit]

Dependency[edit]

Dependency is a weaker form of bond that indicates that one class depends on another because it uses it at some point in time.One class depends on another if the independent class is a parameter variable or local variable of a method of the dependent class. This is different from an association, where an attribute of the dependent class is an instance of the independent class. Sometimes the relationship between two classes is very weak. They are not implemented withmember variables at all. Rather they might be implemented as member function arguments.

Multiplicity[edit]

This association relationship indicates that (at least) one of the two related classes make reference to the other. This relationship is usually described as 'A has a B' (a mother cat has kittens, kittens have a mother cat).

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The UML representation of an association is a line connecting the two associated classes. At each end of the line there is optional notation. For example, we can indicate, using an arrowhead that the pointy end is visible from the arrow tail. We can indicate ownership by the placement of a ball, the role the elements of that end play by supplying a name for the role, and the multiplicity of instances of that entity (the range of number of objects that participate in the association from the perspective of the other end).

Analysis stereotypes[edit]

Entities[edit]

Entity classes model long-lived information handled by the system, and sometimes the behavior associated with the information. They should not be identified as database tables or other. Retrieved 8 September 2011.

Email Flowchart

Email Flow Diagram

Email System Class Diagram

External links[edit]

How Email Works Diagram